The article presents a reconstruction of the concept CHINA in the consciousness of Russian and Chinese youth. The study aims at identifying the specifics of toponym conceptualization in parallel sample groups. A number of methods have been applied among which are as follows: lexicographic analysis, an associative experiment, and the semantic differential method. A persistent asymmetry of perception is revealed, i.e. in Russian lexicography, CHINA is construed as a state with clearly defined administrative borders, whereas in Chinese lexicography, it is understood as a "civilizational universe". The associations of Russian respondents are predominantly linked to symbols and consumer goods, while those of Chinese respondents are related to national values and identity. A significant divergence in assessments was identified along the "Traditional — Modern" scale. The findings of this study have practical relevance for linguo‑didactic and intercultural communication, as they facilitate the adjustment of educational materials, teaching approaches, and communicative strategies by taking into account the cultural and ontological discrepancies in the perception of this concept by speakers of Russian and Chinese.